Unit-II: Introduction to HTML, the development process, Html tags and simple HTML forms, web site structure Introduction to XHTML: XML, Move to XHTML, Meta tags, Character entities, frames and frame sets, inside browser.
Introduction to HTML
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web pages and other types of content that can be displayed on the internet. HTML uses a set of tags and attributes to define the structure and content of a web page, including headings, paragraphs, images, links, and more.
Here are some key concepts related to HTML:
Tags: HTML tags are used to define the structure and content of a web page. Tags are enclosed in angle brackets, such as <tagname>, and can have attributes that provide additional information about the tag.
Elements: HTML elements are made up of opening and closing tags and the content in between. For example, the <p> element is used to define a paragraph, with the opening tag <p> and the closing tag </p>, and the paragraph content in between.
Attributes: HTML attributes provide additional information about an element, such as the image source, link URL, or font size. Attributes are added to the opening tag of an element, such as <img src="image.jpg">.
Document structure: An HTML document typically includes a head section, which contains information about the document such as the title and meta data, and a body section, which contains the main content of the document.
Semantic HTML: Semantic HTML refers to the use of HTML tags that have a specific meaning and purpose, such as <header>, <nav>, <main>, and <footer>. This helps search engines and other tools better understand the content and structure of a web page.
HTML is an important foundation for web development and is used in conjunction with other web technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript to create dynamic and interactive web pages.
the development process
The development process in Web Technology Tools (WTT) involves a series of steps to create a functional and user-friendly website or web application. Here are the main steps in the development process:
Planning: In this stage, you need to determine the purpose of the website or web application, the target audience, and the features and functionality required. You also need to create a project plan, determine the budget, and establish timelines and milestones.
Design: In the design stage, you create wireframes, mockups, and prototypes to visualize the look and feel of the website or web application. This involves selecting a color scheme, typography, and graphic elements to create a consistent and appealing user interface.
Content creation: This involves creating written and visual content for the website or web application, including text, images, videos, and other multimedia elements. The content should be engaging, informative, and relevant to the target audience.
Development: In the development stage, you use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and other programming languages to create the website or web application. You may also use content management systems (CMS) and web development frameworks to speed up the development process.
Testing: This involves testing the website or web application for functionality, usability, and performance. You may use manual or automated testing tools to identify and fix bugs, errors, and other issues.
Deployment: In this stage, you launch the website or web application on a web server and make it available to the public. You may also need to configure the server settings, domain name, and security features to ensure that the website or web application is accessible and secure.
Maintenance: This involves updating and maintaining the website or web application to ensure that it remains functional, secure, and up-to-date. This may include fixing bugs, adding new features, and optimizing performance.
Html tags and simple HTML forms
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web pages. HTML uses a set of tags to mark up the structure and content of a web page.
HTML tags are used to define the structure and content of a web page. Some commonly used HTML tags include:
Headings - There are six levels of headings (H1 to H6) that are used to define the headings or titles of sections of a web page.
Paragraphs - The <p> tag is used to define a paragraph of text.
Links - The <a> tag is used to create hyperlinks that allow users to navigate from one web page to another.
Images - The <img> tag is used to embed images in a web page.
Lists - The <ul> and <ol> tags are used to create unordered and ordered lists, respectively.
HTML forms are used to collect user input. HTML forms are created using the <form> tag, which has several attributes, including action, method, and enctype. The action attribute specifies the URL to which the form data should be sent, the method attribute specifies the HTTP method used to submit the form data (GET or POST), and the enctype attribute specifies the encoding type used for the form data.
HTML form controls are used to collect user input, including text input, radio buttons, checkboxes, and select menus. The <input> tag is used to create text input fields, radio buttons, checkboxes, and other types of form controls. The <select> tag is used to create select menus, which allow users to select one or more options from a list of choices. The <textarea> tag is used to create a text area in which users can enter multiple lines of text.
Overall, HTML is a fundamental technology for web development and is essential for creating and formatting the content of a web page.
web site structure Introduction to XHTML
In web development, website structure refers to the organization and arrangement of web pages and their contents on a website. It involves creating a hierarchy of web pages, organizing content into categories, and ensuring that the site is easy to navigate and understand for users.
XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language) is a markup language that is similar to HTML but is designed to be more extensible and compatible with other XML-based technologies. It follows the same basic structure and syntax as HTML, but with stricter rules for coding and syntax.
When designing a website using XHTML, it is important to follow best practices for website structure and organization. This includes using proper document structure with header, body, and footer sections, using semantic HTML elements to define content types and relationships, and ensuring that the website is accessible and easy to navigate for all users.
Additionally, HTML forms are used to collect data from users and submit it to a server for processing. Simple HTML forms consist of input fields, such as text boxes, drop-down lists, and radio buttons, that allow users to enter and select data. The form is typically enclosed in the <form> tag, which specifies the form's method, action, and other attributes.
XML
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language used for storing and exchanging data between different systems and applications. It is a flexible and extensible language that allows developers to define their own custom tags and data structures, making it useful for a wide range of applications, including web development.
In web technology tools (WTT), XML is often used for data exchange between different applications and systems. For example, it can be used to exchange data between a web server and a client application, or between different web services.
XML documents are made up of elements, which are defined using tags. Each element can have attributes and child elements, and the hierarchy of elements defines the structure of the document. XML documents are typically validated using a Document Type Definition (DTD) or XML Schema, which defines the rules for the document's structure and content.
In web development, XML is often used in conjunction with other technologies, such as XSLT for transforming XML documents into other formats, or SOAP for exchanging data between web services. XML is also commonly used for storing configuration data and settings for web applications.
Move to XHTML
XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) is a markup language that extends the HTML format to comply with the stricter standards of XML (eXtensible Markup Language). XHTML is an evolution of HTML, combining its functionality with the syntax of XML. XHTML enables web developers to create more structured and consistent web pages that are compatible with different devices and platforms.
To move from HTML to XHTML, web developers need to follow the syntax rules of XML, such as using lowercase tags and closing all tags. The following are some of the key steps involved in moving from HTML to XHTML:
Change DOCTYPE declaration: In XHTML, the DOCTYPE declaration must be changed to reference the correct DTD (Document Type Definition) for XHTML.
Use lower case tags: XHTML requires all tags to be in lower case.
Close all tags: In XHTML, all tags must be closed, even those that were not required to be closed in HTML.
Use proper nesting: XHTML requires all tags to be properly nested, meaning that each tag must be closed in the reverse order of its opening.
Use proper attributes: XHTML requires all attributes to have values enclosed in quotes.
Use self-closing tags: XHTML allows self-closing tags, where the closing tag is omitted and replaced with a forward slash before the end of the tag.
Moving to XHTML can make the web pages more structured, consistent and compatible with various platforms and devices. However, it requires web developers to follow stricter rules and syntax than HTML.
Meta tags,
Sure, here are a few examples of commonly used meta tags in HTML:
Title tag:
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<head>
<title>Example Page Title</title>
</head>
The title tag specifies the title of the web page and is displayed in the browser's title bar and in search engine results. It should be descriptive and accurately reflect the content of the page.
Description tag:
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<head>
<meta name="description" content="This is an example page description.">
</head>
The description meta tag provides a brief summary of the content on the web page. It is used by search engines to display a snippet of information about the page in search results.
Keywords tag:
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<head>
<meta name="keywords" content="example, page, keywords">
</head>
The keywords meta tag lists the relevant keywords or phrases for the content on the web page. It is used by search engines to help index the page and display it in search results.
Author tag:
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<head>
<meta name="author" content="John Doe">
</head>
The author meta tag identifies the author of the web page.
Robots tag:
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<head>
<meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
</head>
The robots meta tag tells search engine robots whether to index or follow links on the web page. In this example, the "noindex, nofollow" value tells search engines not to index the page or follow any links on it.
These are just a few examples of the different types of meta tags that can be used in HTML to provide information about a web page.
Meta tags are a type of HTML tag that provide information about a webpage to search engines and other web services. They are placed in the head section of a webpage and provide metadata, such as the title of the page, keywords that describe the page's content, and a description of the page.
Meta tags are important for search engine optimization (SEO) as they provide information that helps search engines understand what the page is about and how it should be indexed in search results.
Here is an example of meta tags in HTML:
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<head>
<title>My Website</title>
<meta name="description" content="This is a website about gardening tips and tricks.">
<meta name="keywords" content="gardening, tips, tricks, plants, flowers">
</head>
In this example, the title tag provides the title of the webpage that will be displayed in the browser's title bar. The meta tags provide a description of the webpage and a list of relevant keywords that describe the page's content. This information can be used by search engines to display a summary of the webpage in search results.
Character entities
In web design and development, character entities are used to display special characters or symbols that are not included in the standard set of characters defined by the ASCII character set. Character entities are a way to represent these special characters using a series of characters that are recognized by web browsers.
Character entities are written using a special syntax that includes an ampersand (&) followed by the entity name or number and then a semicolon (;). For example, the entity < is used to display the less-than symbol (<) and the entity is used to insert a non-breaking space.
Here are some common character entities used in web design:
< - less-than symbol (<)
> - greater-than symbol (>)
& - ampersand (&)
" - double quote (")
' - single quote (')
- non-breaking space
© - copyright symbol ©
® - registered trademark symbol ®
™ - trademark symbol ™
Using character entities is important for ensuring that special characters are displayed correctly in different web browsers and operating systems.
frames and frame sets
In web design, a frame is a separate HTML document that can be embedded within another HTML document, creating a divided and distinct browsing area. Frames are useful when you want to display multiple web pages in a single browser window without resorting to multiple windows.
Frame sets allow you to divide the browser window into multiple frames, each with its own web page. The frame set acts as a container for the individual frames and controls their size, position, and other display properties.
Frame sets are created using the <frameset> tag, which defines the number, size, and arrangement of the frames within the set. Within the <frameset> tag, you use the <frame> tag to specify the individual frames and their attributes, such as source URL and scrolling behavior.
Here's an example of a simple frame set that divides the browser window into two frames, one at the top and one at the bottom:
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<html>
<head>
<title>My Frame Set</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="50%, 50%">
<frame src="top.html" name="topFrame">
<frame src="bottom.html" name="bottomFrame">
</frameset>
</html>
In this example, the <frameset> tag specifies two rows with a height of 50% each, creating two equally sized frames. The <frame> tags specify the source URLs for the content of each frame and give them unique names for targeting in links and scripts.
Frames and frame sets can be useful for creating complex layouts and providing persistent navigation elements across multiple web pages. However, they can also cause usability and accessibility issues and are no longer recommended for modern web design.
inside browser.
In WTT (Web Technology Tools), the term "inside browser" generally refers to the various components and functionalities of a web browser that are used to display and interact with web content.
Some of the key components of a web browser include the rendering engine, which processes HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to display web content; the user interface, which provides buttons, menus, and other controls for interacting with the browser and navigating the web; the browser engine, which manages interactions between the user interface and the rendering engine; and the networking layer, which handles communication between the browser and web servers.
Additionally, modern web browsers often include various features and technologies that enhance the user's browsing experience, such as tabbed browsing, extensions and add-ons, built-in developer tools, and support for multimedia content like audio and video.
Inside a web browser in WTT, there are several components that work together to render and display web pages. Some of the key components are:
Rendering engine: This is the core of a web browser, which parses and interprets the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code of a web page and converts it into the visual representation that you see on the screen. Different web browsers use different rendering engines, such as Blink (used by Google Chrome), Gecko (used by Mozilla Firefox), and WebKit (used by Apple Safari).
User interface: This includes the buttons, menus, and other controls that allow you to interact with the web browser. The user interface also displays the address bar, which shows the URL of the current web page and allows you to navigate to other web pages.
JavaScript engine: JavaScript is a scripting language that is used to add interactivity and dynamic functionality to web pages. The JavaScript engine is responsible for executing the JavaScript code on a web page.
Browser extensions and add-ons: These are third-party tools that can be installed in a web browser to add new features or enhance the functionality of the browser.
Plugins: Plugins are third-party software components that can be installed in a web browser to add support for additional content types, such as Adobe Flash, Java applets, and PDF documents.
Overall, the components inside a web browser work together to provide a seamless and user-friendly browsing experience.
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