Unit-IV: System Testing
Recovery Testing, Security Testing, Stress Testing, Performance Testing, Deployment Testing, The Art of Debugging, White box testing, Basis Path Testing, Central Structure Testing, Black box Testing
System Testing
System testing is a critical phase in software quality assurance (SQA) that involves testing the entire software system as a whole to verify its compliance with the specified requirements and ensure its overall functionality, performance, reliability, and usability. System testing is typically performed after unit testing and integration testing, and it focuses on evaluating the software system's behavior and performance in a real-world environment.
The main objectives of system testing in SQA are:
Verification of system requirements: System testing aims to verify that the software system meets the specified requirements, including functional requirements, performance requirements, security requirements, and other non-functional requirements. It involves testing the system against the documented requirements to ensure that it behaves as expected and delivers the intended functionality.
Detection of defects and errors: System testing aims to uncover defects, errors, or issues in the software system that may not have been identified during unit testing or integration testing. It involves thorough testing of the system to identify any discrepancies or deviations from the expected behavior, and to detect any defects that may impact the system's quality or functionality.
Evaluation of system performance: System testing includes evaluating the performance of the software system under different conditions, such as normal load, peak load, stress load, or other performance scenarios. This helps assess the system's performance and scalability, and ensures that it can handle the expected workload and perform optimally in a production environment.
Validation of system usability: System testing involves evaluating the usability of the software system, including its user interface, user interactions, and overall user experience. This helps ensure that the system is easy to use, intuitive, and meets the needs of its intended users.
Assessment of system reliability and stability: System testing aims to assess the reliability and stability of the software system by testing its behavior under various conditions, such as different inputs, varying load, or unexpected scenarios. This helps identify any issues or weaknesses in the system that may affect its reliability or stability in a production environment.
Identification of security vulnerabilities: System testing includes evaluating the security of the software system and identifying any potential security vulnerabilities, such as vulnerabilities related to data privacy, authentication, authorization, and other security aspects. This helps ensure that the system is secure and protects sensitive data and resources from unauthorized access or malicious activities.
Compatibility testing: System testing involves testing the software system for compatibility with different hardware, software, operating systems, browsers, and other relevant components to ensure that it can function correctly and as expected in the target environment.
Documentation review: System testing includes reviewing the documentation associated with the software system, such as user manuals, installation guides, configuration guides, and other relevant documentation, to ensure that it is accurate, up-to-date, and complete.
Test reporting and defect tracking: System testing involves documenting and reporting any defects, issues, or discrepancies discovered during testing, and tracking them to resolution. This helps ensure that identified issues are addressed and resolved, and that the software system meets the required quality standards.
Overall, system testing is a crucial step in SQA that helps ensure that the software system functions correctly, meets the specified requirements, performs well, is reliable, secure, and usable, and can be deployed in a production environment with confidence.
Recovery Testing
Recovery testing in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is a type of testing that focuses on evaluating the system's ability to recover from various types of failures, such as hardware failures, software failures, network failures, or other unexpected events. The goal of recovery testing is to assess the system's resilience and ability to restore normal operation after encountering failures or errors.
Recovery testing involves deliberately inducing failures or errors in the system to evaluate how well it can recover from such incidents. This type of testing helps identify weaknesses in the system's recovery mechanisms, uncover potential risks, and verify if the system can resume normal operations with minimal or no data loss after encountering failures.
Here are some key aspects of recovery testing in SQA:
Failure Induction: Recovery testing involves simulating or inducing failures in the system, such as crashing the system, disconnecting network connections, shutting down servers, or corrupting data, to create realistic scenarios that can occur in a production environment. This is done to assess the system's ability to handle and recover from such failures.
Recovery Mechanism Evaluation: Recovery testing evaluates the effectiveness of the system's recovery mechanisms, such as error handling, fault tolerance, redundancy, backup and restore procedures, and other recovery procedures. It verifies if the system can automatically detect failures, initiate recovery processes, and restore normal operations within an acceptable timeframe.
Data Integrity and Consistency: Recovery testing also verifies the integrity and consistency of data after recovery. It ensures that the recovered data is accurate, complete, and consistent with the system's expected state. This is important to prevent data loss or data corruption during recovery processes.
Performance Impact: Recovery testing also assesses the performance impact of recovery processes on the system. It measures the system's performance during recovery, such as recovery time, resource utilization, and system responsiveness, to ensure that the recovery processes do not significantly degrade the system's performance.
Documentation and Reporting: Recovery testing involves documenting the test scenarios, test results, and any issues or defects identified during the testing process. This information is reported to relevant stakeholders, such as development teams, management, and other stakeholders, to take appropriate actions for improving the system's recovery mechanisms.
Test Environment: Recovery testing should be performed in a controlled test environment that mimics the production environment as closely as possible. This includes using similar hardware, software, network configurations, and other relevant parameters to ensure that the results of recovery testing are realistic and representative of the system's actual behavior in production.
Recovery testing is an important aspect of SQA as it helps identify potential vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the system's recovery mechanisms, validates the system's ability to handle failures and recover from them, and ensures that the system can maintain its integrity and availability even in the face of unexpected incidents.
Security Testing
Security testing in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is a type of testing that focuses on evaluating the security of a software system to identify vulnerabilities, weaknesses, and potential security risks. The goal of security testing is to ensure that the software system is secure and protected against unauthorized access, data breaches, information leaks, and other security threats.
Security testing involves various techniques and methods to assess the security of the software system. Some common types of security testing in SQA include:
Penetration Testing: Also known as ethical hacking, penetration testing involves simulating real-world attacks on the software system to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious hackers. Penetration testers use various techniques, tools, and methodologies to probe the system for weaknesses and attempt to gain unauthorized access to the system.
Vulnerability Scanning: Vulnerability scanning involves using automated tools to scan the software system for known vulnerabilities, such as outdated software versions, misconfigurations, weak passwords, and other security weaknesses. Vulnerability scanning helps identify potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers and provides a baseline for fixing those vulnerabilities.
Risk Assessment: Risk assessment involves evaluating the system's security risks by identifying and analyzing potential threats, vulnerabilities, and their potential impacts. It helps prioritize security risks based on their severity and likelihood, and guides the development of appropriate security measures to mitigate those risks.
Authentication and Authorization Testing: This type of testing focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of authentication and authorization mechanisms in the software system. It involves verifying if users are properly authenticated and authorized to access different parts of the system, and checking for any potential loopholes or weaknesses in these mechanisms.
Encryption Testing: Encryption testing involves verifying the adequacy of encryption mechanisms used in the software system to protect sensitive data. It includes checking if encryption algorithms, key management, and data transmission are implemented securely and effectively to prevent unauthorized access or data breaches.
Input Validation Testing: Input validation testing involves verifying if the software system properly validates and sanitizes user input to prevent common security vulnerabilities such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks. It includes testing for potential input manipulation, data injection, or malicious input scenarios to ensure that the system is resilient against such attacks.
Security Auditing: Security auditing involves evaluating the system's compliance with established security standards, policies, and regulations. It includes reviewing system configurations, access controls, logging and monitoring mechanisms, and other security-related settings to ensure that the system adheres to the required security requirements.
Security testing is critical in SQA to identify and mitigate potential security risks in the software system. It helps ensure that the system is robust, resilient, and protected against security threats, and helps maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive data and system resources.
Stress Testing,
Stress testing in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is a type of testing that evaluates the performance and stability of a software system under high-stress conditions, such as heavy load, high concurrent users, or excessive data processing. The goal of stress testing is to identify the system's behavior and limitations under extreme conditions and ensure that it can handle the anticipated workload without performance degradation, data loss, or system failure.
Stress testing involves simulating high-stress scenarios to push the system to its limits and assess its performance and stability. Some common types of stress testing in SQA include:
Load Testing: Load testing involves simulating a high workload on the software system to evaluate its performance and stability under heavy user loads. It helps identify the system's response time, throughput, resource utilization, and other performance metrics under high load conditions.
Performance Testing: Performance testing involves evaluating the system's performance and scalability under different stress conditions, such as high concurrent users, large data sets, complex processing, or peak usage periods. It helps identify potential performance bottlenecks, resource limitations, and other issues that could impact the system's performance and stability.
Soak Testing: Soak testing involves running the system under a sustained high-stress load for an extended period to evaluate its performance and stability over time. It helps identify any degradation or deterioration of system performance, resource leaks, or other issues that may occur during prolonged high-stress conditions.
Spike Testing: Spike testing involves simulating sudden spikes in user load or data processing to evaluate the system's ability to handle unexpected surges in demand. It helps assess the system's responsiveness, scalability, and stability during sudden spikes in workload.
Volume Testing: Volume testing involves testing the system's performance and stability under high data volumes. It includes evaluating the system's ability to handle large data sets, process and store data efficiently, and maintain optimal performance with increasing data volumes.
Resource Testing: Resource testing involves evaluating the system's utilization of system resources, such as CPU, memory, network, and storage, under high-stress conditions. It helps identify potential resource bottlenecks, limitations, or inefficiencies that could impact the system's performance and stability.
Failover Testing: Failover testing involves simulating failure scenarios, such as hardware failures, network failures, or software failures, to evaluate the system's ability to handle such failures and recover gracefully without data loss or system downtime. It helps assess the system's resilience and fault tolerance under high-stress conditions.
Stress testing is critical in SQA to identify and mitigate potential performance, scalability, and stability issues in the software system under high-stress conditions. It helps ensure that the system can handle the anticipated workload, maintain optimal performance, and provide reliable and consistent performance to end-users even under extreme conditions.
Performance Testing
Performance testing is a type of testing conducted in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) to evaluate the performance and scalability of a software system under different load conditions. The goal of performance testing is to assess the system's behavior, responsiveness, resource utilization, and other performance metrics to ensure that it meets the expected performance criteria and can handle the anticipated workload without performance degradation or system failure.
Performance testing involves simulating real-world scenarios to measure the system's performance and identify any performance bottlenecks, limitations, or inefficiencies that could impact its performance. Some common types of performance testing in SQA include:
Load Testing: Load testing involves simulating a specific number of concurrent users or transactions to evaluate the system's performance under typical workload conditions. It helps identify the system's response time, throughput, and resource utilization under normal load conditions.
Stress Testing: Stress testing involves simulating high-stress scenarios, such as heavy load, high concurrent users, or excessive data processing, to evaluate the system's performance and stability under extreme conditions. It helps identify the system's behavior and limitations under stress conditions and ensures that it can handle the anticipated workload without performance degradation or system failure.
Endurance Testing: Endurance testing involves running the system under a sustained load for an extended period to evaluate its performance and stability over time. It helps identify any degradation or deterioration of system performance, resource leaks, or other issues that may occur during prolonged load conditions.
Spike Testing: Spike testing involves simulating sudden spikes in user load or data processing to evaluate the system's ability to handle unexpected surges in demand. It helps assess the system's responsiveness, scalability, and stability during sudden spikes in workload.
Scalability Testing: Scalability testing involves evaluating the system's ability to handle increasing workload, users, or data volumes while maintaining optimal performance. It helps identify any limitations or inefficiencies in the system's scalability and ensures that it can handle future growth without performance degradation.
Resource Testing: Resource testing involves evaluating the system's utilization of system resources, such as CPU, memory, network, and storage, under different load conditions. It helps identify potential resource bottlenecks, limitations, or inefficiencies that could impact the system's performance and scalability.
Benchmark Testing: Benchmark testing involves comparing the system's performance against predefined benchmarks or industry standards to assess its performance relative to established performance criteria. It helps identify any deviations from expected performance levels and ensures that the system meets the required performance standards.
Performance testing is essential in SQA to ensure that a software system meets the performance requirements and can handle the anticipated workload without performance degradation, data loss, or system failure. It helps identify and mitigate potential performance bottlenecks, scalability issues, and resource limitations, ensuring that the system provides optimal performance to end-users.
Deployment Testing,
Deployment testing is a type of testing conducted in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) to ensure that a software system can be successfully deployed, installed, and configured in the target environment without any issues or errors. The goal of deployment testing is to verify that the software system can be properly installed and configured in the intended environment and that it functions as expected after installation.
Deployment testing involves validating the installation process, configuration settings, and system dependencies to ensure that the software system can be correctly deployed and configured in the target environment. It typically includes the following activities:
Installation Testing: Installation testing involves verifying the installation process of the software system in the target environment. This includes checking the installation instructions, verifying the installation steps, and ensuring that the software is installed in the correct directory, location, or path.
Configuration Testing: Configuration testing involves validating the configuration settings of the software system in the target environment. This includes checking the configuration files, verifying the configuration parameters, and ensuring that the software is configured correctly according to the intended settings.
Compatibility Testing: Compatibility testing involves verifying the compatibility of the software system with the target environment, including the operating system, hardware, software dependencies, and other components. This ensures that the software can run and operate smoothly in the intended environment without any compatibility issues.
Dependency Testing: Dependency testing involves validating the dependencies of the software system in the target environment, such as libraries, frameworks, databases, or other components. This ensures that all required dependencies are properly installed and configured in the target environment to support the software system's functionality.
Post-Installation Testing: Post-installation testing involves verifying the functionality of the software system after installation and configuration in the target environment. This includes checking the system's functionality, features, and performance to ensure that it operates as expected and meets the intended requirements.
Rollback Testing: Rollback testing involves testing the ability to roll back or uninstall the software system in case of any issues or errors during deployment. This ensures that the software system can be easily rolled back to the previous state or uninstalled without causing any data loss or system instability.
Deployment testing is essential in SQA to ensure that the software system can be successfully deployed, installed, and configured in the target environment without any issues or errors. It helps identify and resolve any deployment-related issues, such as installation failures, configuration errors, or compatibility problems, ensuring a smooth and error-free deployment process.
The Art of Debugging,
The art of debugging is an important aspect of Software Quality Assurance (SQA) that involves identifying, analyzing, and resolving software defects or issues in order to improve the quality and reliability of the software system. Debugging is the process of finding and fixing defects or errors in the software code or other components to ensure that the software system functions as expected and meets its intended requirements.
Here are some key aspects of the art of debugging in SQA:
Problem Identification: The first step in debugging is to identify the problem or defect in the software system. This involves reproducing the issue, understanding the symptoms or manifestations of the problem, and gathering relevant information, such as error messages, logs, and other diagnostic data, to pinpoint the root cause of the problem.
Root Cause Analysis: Once the problem is identified, the next step is to perform root cause analysis to determine the underlying cause of the issue. This involves analyzing the software code, configuration settings, data inputs, and other relevant factors to identify the exact reason for the problem. It may involve reviewing the source code, debugging tools, and other debugging techniques to isolate and understand the root cause of the issue.
Troubleshooting Techniques: Debugging requires a variety of troubleshooting techniques and skills, including understanding the software architecture, system behavior, and interactions between components. It may involve using debugging tools, tracing code execution, analyzing logs, and performing other diagnostic activities to identify and resolve the problem. Experienced SQA professionals may also use their intuition, creativity, and problem-solving skills to effectively troubleshoot and resolve software defects.
Collaboration and Communication: Debugging often requires collaboration and communication among different stakeholders, including developers, testers, product owners, and other team members. This may involve discussing the problem, sharing insights, and working together to resolve the issue. Clear and effective communication is crucial to ensure that all stakeholders are on the same page and working towards a common goal of resolving the software defect.
Documentation and Knowledge Sharing: Debugging activities should be properly documented, including the steps taken, the findings, and the solutions applied. This documentation can serve as a knowledge base for future reference and help in resolving similar issues in the future. It can also be shared with team members, stakeholders, and other relevant parties to promote knowledge sharing and continuous improvement.
Testing and Validation: Once the software defect is resolved, thorough testing and validation should be performed to ensure that the problem is completely resolved and the software system is functioning as expected. This may involve retesting the affected functionality, performing regression testing, and validating the overall system behavior to ensure that the software is defect-free and meets the intended quality standards.
The art of debugging in SQA requires a combination of technical skills, analytical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and effective communication to effectively identify, analyze, and resolve software defects. It is an important aspect of SQA to ensure that the software system is reliable, stable, and performs as expected, resulting in high-quality software products.
White box testing,
White box testing, also known as clear box testing or structural testing, is a type of software testing that focuses on testing the internal structure and logic of the software system. In white box testing, the tester has knowledge of the internal structure, design, and implementation of the software code, and uses this knowledge to design and execute test cases to ensure that the software functions correctly according to its design and meets its intended requirements.
Here are some key aspects of white box testing in Software Quality Assurance (SQA):
Internal Code Analysis: White box testing involves analyzing the internal code of the software system to understand its structure, design, and implementation. This may involve reviewing the source code, examining the control flow, data flow, and program logic, and identifying potential areas of concern or potential defects.
Test Case Design: Based on the internal code analysis, the tester designs and executes test cases that exercise the internal logic and structure of the software system. Test cases may be designed to target specific paths or branches of the code, or to validate specific inputs or outputs. Test cases are typically designed to cover different scenarios and edge cases to ensure thorough testing of the internal code.
Code Coverage Analysis: White box testing often involves measuring code coverage, which is the percentage of code that is executed during the testing process. Code coverage analysis helps to ensure that all parts of the code are tested and helps to identify any areas of the code that may not have been exercised during testing. Common code coverage metrics include statement coverage, branch coverage, and path coverage.
Code Review and Inspection: White box testing may also involve code review and inspection, where the tester reviews the source code for adherence to coding standards, design guidelines, and best practices. This helps to identify any coding issues, such as improper syntax, inefficient code, or potential defects, and helps to improve the overall quality of the code.
Debugging and Defect Resolution: White box testing may also involve debugging and resolving defects identified during testing. The tester may use debugging tools and techniques to understand the root cause of the defects and work with the development team to resolve them. Once the defects are resolved, regression testing may be performed to ensure that the fixes did not introduce new issues.
Integration and System Testing: White box testing is typically performed during the development and integration phases of the software development lifecycle. It is often followed by other types of testing, such as integration testing and system testing, to ensure that the software system functions correctly as a whole and meets its intended requirements.
White box testing is an important part of SQA as it helps to identify defects and issues in the internal structure and logic of the software system. It helps to ensure that the software system is reliable, stable, and functions correctly according to its design and requirements.
Basis Path Testing,
Basis Path Testing is a white box testing technique used in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) that focuses on testing the logical complexity of a software program by examining all the possible paths through the program's control flow graph. It is a structural testing technique that helps to ensure that all possible paths, branches, and decision points in the software code are thoroughly tested to uncover potential defects or issues.
Here are the key aspects of Basis Path Testing in SQA:
Control Flow Graph: The first step in Basis Path Testing is to construct a control flow graph (CFG) of the software program. A CFG is a graphical representation of the program's control flow, including all the possible paths, branches, and decision points. The CFG is used as a basis for identifying the independent paths in the software code.
Independent Paths: The next step is to identify all the independent paths in the control flow graph. An independent path is a path that is not a subpath of any other path in the CFG, and it represents a unique sequence of control flow statements in the code. Each independent path represents a unique combination of inputs and conditions that need to be tested to ensure thorough coverage of the software code.
Test Case Design: Once the independent paths are identified, test cases are designed to exercise each of these paths. Test cases are designed to cover different scenarios and input combinations that are likely to occur during normal operation of the software program. Test cases may involve providing specific inputs, setting specific conditions, and checking expected outputs or behaviors to validate the correctness of the software code.
Code Coverage Analysis: Basis Path Testing helps to achieve high code coverage, as it aims to cover all the independent paths in the control flow graph. Code coverage analysis is performed to ensure that all the paths in the CFG are covered by the designed test cases. This helps to identify any areas of the code that may not have been exercised during testing and ensures thorough testing of the software code.
Defect Identification and Resolution: During Basis Path Testing, defects or issues in the software code may be identified. These defects may include logical errors, missing or incorrect conditions, or other issues that affect the correctness or stability of the software program. Once identified, these defects are resolved by working with the development team, and regression testing may be performed to ensure that the fixes do not introduce new issues.
Basis Path Testing is a systematic and thorough approach to testing the logical complexity of a software program, and it helps to ensure that all the possible paths and decision points in the software code are thoroughly tested. It is an effective technique for identifying defects and issues in the control flow logic of the software program, and it is widely used in SQA to improve the quality and reliability of software systems.
Central Structure Testing,
Central Structure Testing is a white box testing technique used in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) that focuses on testing the central logic or core of a software program. It involves testing the central control structure of the program, such as loops, conditionals, and decision points, to ensure that they function correctly and handle different scenarios and inputs effectively.
Here are the key aspects of Central Structure Testing in SQA:
Central Logic: Central Structure Testing focuses on testing the central logic or core of a software program, which typically includes loops, conditionals, and decision points. These central control structures are critical to the functionality and behavior of the software program, and any defects or issues in their implementation can result in incorrect results or unexpected behaviors.
Test Case Design: Test cases are designed to thoroughly test the central control structures of the software program. Test cases are designed to cover different scenarios and inputs that are likely to occur during normal operation of the software, as well as edge cases and boundary conditions that may lead to unexpected behaviors. Test cases may involve providing specific inputs, setting specific conditions, and checking expected outputs or behaviors to validate the correctness of the central logic.
Code Coverage Analysis: Central Structure Testing helps to achieve high code coverage, as it focuses on testing the core control structures of the software program. Code coverage analysis is performed to ensure that the central control structures are covered by the designed test cases. This helps to identify any areas of the code that may not have been exercised during testing and ensures thorough testing of the central logic.
Defect Identification and Resolution: During Central Structure Testing, defects or issues in the central logic of the software program may be identified. These defects may include logical errors, missing or incorrect conditions, or other issues that affect the correctness or behavior of the software program. Once identified, these defects are resolved by working with the development team, and regression testing may be performed to ensure that the fixes do not introduce new issues.
Integration with Other Testing Techniques: Central Structure Testing is often combined with other testing techniques, such as black box testing, grey box testing, and other white box testing techniques, to achieve comprehensive testing coverage. Central Structure Testing focuses on the internal logic of the software program, while other testing techniques may focus on other aspects such as inputs, outputs, interfaces, and performance.
Central Structure Testing is an effective technique for thoroughly testing the central logic or core of a software program, and it helps to ensure that the central control structures of the software function correctly and handle different scenarios and inputs effectively. It is widely used in SQA to improve the quality and reliability of software systems by identifying and resolving issues in the central logic of the software program.
Black box Testing
Black box testing is a software testing technique used in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) that focuses on testing the functionality of a software application without considering the internal structure or implementation details of the code. It is a type of external testing where the tester does not have knowledge of the internal logic or design of the software being tested, and only tests the software based on its expected inputs, outputs, and behaviors.
Here are the key aspects of Black Box Testing in SQA:
Functional Testing: Black box testing primarily focuses on testing the functional aspects of a software application. This includes testing the inputs and outputs of the software, as well as its behavior in response to different inputs or scenarios. Test cases are designed to cover different functionalities of the software, and expected outputs or behaviors are checked against the actual outputs during testing.
Input and Output Validation: Black box testing involves validating the inputs and outputs of the software application. Test cases are designed to provide various inputs to the software, including valid inputs, invalid inputs, and edge cases, to ensure that the software handles them correctly and produces expected outputs. The actual outputs are compared against the expected outputs to identify any discrepancies.
Test Case Design: Test cases in Black Box Testing are designed based on the software requirements, specifications, or other documentation that describes the expected behavior of the software. Test cases are designed to cover different scenarios, inputs, and use cases, and are often designed to be representative of real-world usage of the software. Testers do not have knowledge of the internal implementation or design of the software being tested, and test cases are designed solely based on the expected behavior.
Error and Defect Identification: Black box testing helps to identify errors, defects, or issues in the software application. Any discrepancies between the expected and actual outputs, incorrect behaviors, or unexpected results are considered as defects that need to be reported and resolved. Testers work with the development team to report and track these defects, and regression testing may be performed to ensure that the fixes do not introduce new issues.
Independence from Implementation: Black box testing is independent of the internal implementation or design of the software being tested. Testers do not require knowledge of the internal code or structure of the software, and the testing is performed from a user's perspective. This allows for unbiased testing and helps in identifying issues that may not be apparent from the internal perspective.
Test Coverage: Black box testing aims to achieve comprehensive test coverage, covering different functionalities, inputs, and outputs of the software application. Testers design test cases to cover all possible scenarios, inputs, and behaviors, based on the software requirements and specifications. Test coverage analysis is performed to ensure that all the identified functionalities are covered by the designed test cases.
Black box testing is widely used in SQA to ensure the functional correctness and behavior of software applications. It is an effective technique for identifying defects or issues from a user's perspective and helps in improving the quality and reliability of software systems by thoroughly testing the software's inputs, outputs, and behaviors without considering the internal implementation details.
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